What Is Ketamine Infusion Therapy & How Does It Affect The Brain?

What Is Ketamine Infusion Therapy & How Does It Affect The Brain?

The Albany Clinic • May 3, 2023

Ketamine is a medication that was first developed as an anesthetic in the 1960s. It has been used for decades to treat pain, sedate patients during medical procedures, and induce anesthesia for surgery. In recent years, ketamine has gained attention as a potential treatment for mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

One form of ketamine treatment that has become increasingly popular is ketamine infusion therapy. In this blog, we are going to explore what ketamine infusions do to your brain, and how they may help those struggling with mental health conditions.

What are Ketamine Infusions?

Ketamine infusion therapy involves the administration of ketamine directly into the bloodstream through an IV (intravenous) line. The dose of ketamine used in this therapy is much lower than what is typically used for anesthesia. The infusion is typically given over the course of 40-60 minutes, during which the patient is closely monitored by a healthcare provider. The effects of ketamine infusion therapy are often felt within minutes to hours after the infusion is completed.

What Are Ketamine Infusions Used For?

While ketamine is primarily known as a dissociative anesthetic, it has been found to have therapeutic benefits for a range of mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety, PTSD, and bipolar disorder. Ketamine infusion therapy has also been used to manage chronic pain conditions, such as fibromyalgia and migraines. In addition, emerging research suggests that ketamine may be effective in treating addiction and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Overall, ketamine infusion therapy is a promising treatment option for individuals struggling with mental health and other chronic conditions.

How Do Ketamine Infusions Work?

To understand how ketamine infusions work in the brain, it is crucial to first understand some basic neurochemistry. In the brain, neurons communicate with each other through the release and uptake of chemicals called neurotransmitters. One of these neurotransmitters, called glutamate, is involved in many important brain functions, including learning, memory, and mood regulation.

Ketamine works by blocking a specific type of receptor for glutamate , called the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. By blocking these receptors, ketamine leads to an increase in the levels of another neurotransmitter called brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF is a protein that is involved in the growth and survival of neurons, and it has been implicated in the development of depression and other mood disorders.

Studies have shown that ketamine infusions can lead to rapid increases in BDNF levels in the brain, which may be one reason why it is effective in treating depression and other mental health conditions. In addition to increasing BDNF levels, ketamine has also been shown to increase the formation of new synapses, or connections between neurons, in certain brain regions.

Another way that ketamine infusions may affect the brain is by altering the activity of certain brain networks.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have shown that ketamine infusions can lead to changes in the activity of the default mode network (DMN), a set of brain regions that are active when we are not engaged in any particular task. The DMN has been implicated in self-referential thinking and rumination, which are common features of depression and other mood disorders.

By altering the activity of the DMN, ketamine may help to break negative thought patterns and promote more positive thinking. In addition to its effects on the DMN, ketamine has also been shown to increase activity in the prefrontal cortex, a brain region involved in decision-making, impulse control, and other higher cognitive functions.

The Importance of Ketamine Infusion Therapy

For many individuals, depression, anxiety, PTSD, and other mood disorders can significantly impact their quality of life and lead to feelings of hopelessness and despair. Ketamine infusion therapy offers a new treatment option that can help to alleviate symptoms and improve overall functioning.

By promoting the growth of new synapses and altering the activity of certain brain networks, ketamine infusion therapy may also offer long-term benefits that can help individuals maintain their mental wellness over time.

Final Thoughts

At The Albany Clinic, we understand that living with a mental health condition can be challenging and frustrating. That is why we offer ketamine infusion therapy as a safe and effective treatment option for individuals struggling with depression, anxiety, PTSD, and other mood disorders. Our team of qualified medical professionals is dedicated to providing compassionate care in a safe and comfortable environment.

We are committed to working with our patients to develop individualized treatment plans that meet their unique needs and goals. If you are interested in learning more about ketamine infusion therapy and how it can benefit you or a loved one, please don’t hesitate to contact us. We look forward to helping you on your journey to better mental health. Contact us today to schedule your consultation.

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By Matt Rodriguez April 1, 2025
Finding effective depression treatment can be challenging, especially when cost and insurance coverage add to the stress. Fortunately, for individuals in Illinois, several advanced, insurance-backed options are available beyond traditional antidepressants and therapy. This article explores innovative treatments for depression that are available at our Albany Clinic in Carbondale. Addressing the Need for Affordable Depression Relief in Illinois Depression remains a significant public health concern in Illinois. In 2023, data showed that 18.1% of all adults in the state had a doctor's diagnosis of a depressive disorder . Traditional first-line treatments for depression include medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). However, these are not universally effective; approximately one-third of patients are treatment-resistant. Even when these medications do work, they often take a long time to produce noticeable improvements, and unpleasant side effects can deter their use. Talk therapies , such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and psychodynamic therapy, are also strongly recommended. These treatments can have hugely beneficial effects, but it can require a lot of time commitment for results to show. Moreover, not all therapists accept insurance–especially for those practicing more specialized forms–making the treatment inaccessible for many. Spravato (Esketamine) for Depression What is Spravato, and how does it work? Spravato is an FDA-approved nasal spray that contains esketamine, a derivative of ketamine. Like ketamine, esketamine treats depression by interacting with NMDA receptors , proteins that play a key role in learning and memory. This interaction triggers several neurological processes, including neuroplasticity —the strengthening and forming of connections between nerve cells. Enhanced plasticity may improve the function of nerve circuits responsible for mood regulation, increasing overall well-being. A typical Spravato treatment involves sessions administered under medical supervision, starting with twice-weekly doses and then tapering as appropriate. Whereas antidepressants typically take around four weeks to show an effect, Spravato can have rapid action at alleviating symptoms. A study found that Spravato significantly reduced depression symptoms compared to a placebo drug within just 24 hours of administration. Does Insurance cover Spravato? Due to its FDA approval, Spravato is covered by most major insurance plans in Illinois, including Medicare and Medicaid. However, only patients with a formal diagnosis of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) or major depressive disorder with suicidal ideation (MDSI) are eligible for the treatment. While the medication is usually covered by insurance, patients may still have out-of-pocket costs , including copays , deductibles , and pre-treatment medical evaluations . Your exact expenses will depend on your specific insurance plan. At the Albany Clinic, we’re here to help you understand your costs and maximize your coverage. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Therapy What is TMS, and how does it work? TMS therapy is a noninvasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate underactive regions of the brain associated with mood regulation. In depression, TMS targets the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) , which is often less active in individuals with the condition. TMS therapy works by: Inducing electrical activity in neurons , prompting the release of neurotransmitters involved in mood and motivation. Increasing the activity of neural circuits responsible for mood regulation. Enhancing neuroplasticity , potentially “re-wiring” nerve circuits associated with unhealthy thinking and behavior. The treatment protocol typically consists of daily sessions over several weeks. Each session lasts about 20-40 minutes, during which patients remain awake and alert. Does insurance cover TMS? Since TMS therapy is FDA-approved, some major insurance providers in Illinois cover costs, but unfortunately, the state’s Medicaid does not. If you're considering TMS, check with your insurance provider to see if your plan includes coverage, as eligibility and benefits vary. At the Albany Clinic, we're here to help clarify details and explore options to make treatment more affordable. IV Ketamine Infusion Therapy What is an IV ketamine infusion and how does it work? IV ketamine infusion therapy involves administering ketamine intravenously at sub-anesthetic doses . 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Here are steps to help streamline the process: Verify Coverage : Contact your insurance provider to inquire about treatment coverage specifics. Some insurers require a history of treatment failures with traditional antidepressants before approving coverage for these advanced therapies. Obtain Pre-Authorization : Many insurers require pre-authorization for certain treatments. Ensure all necessary approvals are secured before initiating therapy. The Albany Clinic's administrative team can assist in submitting pre-authorization requests. Understand Financial Responsibilities : Clarify any co-pays, deductibles, or out-of-pocket expenses associated with your treatment plan. Consult Our Team : The Albany Clinic's administrative staff is experienced in navigating insurance processes and can assist you in understanding and managing the financial aspects of your treatment. We also provide financial counseling to help patients explore payment plans and reimbursement options. Going Forward Navigating insurance for depression treatment can be complex, but you don’t have to do it alone. At The Albany Clinic , we’re dedicated to helping patients access effective, insurance-backed treatments while minimizing out-of-pocket costs. Contact us today to learn more about your options and take the next step toward relief.
By Matt Rodriguez March 3, 2025
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According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) , 7.1% of the U.S. population experiences social anxiety disorder annually. Recognizing the Symptoms of SAD The symptoms of social anxiety disorder can be grouped into three categories: emotional, behavioral, and physical. Emotional Symptoms: Intense fear of social interactions, particularly with strangers. Persistent worry about being judged or negatively evaluated. Excessive anxiety about upcoming social events, often for weeks in advance. Overwhelming self-consciousness in social environments. Behavioral Symptoms: Avoidance of social situations. Skipping school, work, or events to avoid social interaction. Relying on alcohol or other substances to ease anxiety in social settings. Physical Symptoms: Sweating, trembling, dry mouth, or muscle tension. Panic attacks in extreme cases. At The Albany Clinic, we understand the debilitating impact of these symptoms and offer ketamine therapy as a groundbreaking approach to address SAD. Our compassionate team is dedicated to creating personalized treatment plans tailored to each patient’s unique needs. How Ketamine Therapy Helps Treat Social Anxiety Ketamine has emerged as a promising treatment for social anxiety disorder due to its unique mechanism of action. Unlike traditional treatments, ketamine interacts with NMDA receptors in the brain, enhancing neuroplasticity —the brain’s ability to form new neural connections. This process can help improve brain function in areas related to stress and emotional regulation, potentially improving symptoms of SAD. Brain scanning experiments show ketamine alters connectivity in a brain region called the anterior insular cortex , which is thought to play a key role in social emotions. Studies suggest that this region may become dysfunctional in SAD, but ketamine could help restore its normal function and reduce SAD symptoms. Ketamine also lowers the activity of the amygdala , a brain region linked to fear and the body’s stress response. In people with anxiety, the amygdala is often overactive. Ketamine may help by calming this overactivity and reducing feelings of fear. Benefits of Ketamine for SAD Ketamine offers several benefits for treating SAD . One of its most significant advantages is its rapid action , often providing relief within hours, compared to the weeks or months traditional antidepressants can take. Additionally, ketamine has shown sustained effects , with a single dose sometimes improving symptoms for days or even weeks. Whereas common anti-anxiety medications, such as antidepressants, are used every day, ketamine is used more infrequently . A typical dosing regime involves twice-weekly sessions for the first four weeks, with more spaced-out sessions thereafter. This prevents people from developing tolerance to the drug, so they don’t experience withdrawal symptoms once they stop taking medication. However, ketamine does have an abuse potential , and ketamine addiction can lead to severe health consequences. For this reason, it’s essential to use ketamine in carefully controlled clinical environments under medical supervision, such as our clinic in Albany. Typical anti-anxiety medication is also associated with side effects that affect daily function, such as weight gain or sexual dysfunction . Ketamine, on the other hand, has mild side effects that generally wear off once the drug is cleared from the system. These include: Dizziness Decreased heart rate and blood pressure Drowsiness Nausea Research Supporting Ketamine for Social Anxiety A clinical trial from Yale University found ketamine infusions significantly decreased measures of social phobia in anxiety patients, compared to a placebo drug. The difference in improvement was significant from two days post-treatment and lasted up to the two-week follow-up. In another study from the University of Otago, patients with both generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and SAD had significantly improved symptoms two weeks following ketamine treatment. These patients had been previously non-responsive to other therapies. Is Ketamine Therapy Right for You? Ketamine therapy is not suitable for everyone, but it can be highly effective for those who have not found relief with traditional treatments. You may be a good candidate if: You have been diagnosed with SAD, or another severe form of anxiety Conventional medications or therapies have not provided sufficient relief You are seeking a treatment with faster results However, ketamine therapy may not be recommended if you have: A current or past history of substance abuse You have specific liver or heart conditions You have a history of psychosis At The Albany Clinic, our experienced providers will carefully evaluate your medical history to determine if ketamine therapy is the best option for you. Building a Social Anxiety Treatment Plan at The Albany Clinic Step 1: Initial Consultation Your journey begins with a complimentary consultation to discuss whether ketamine therapy is suitable for you. During this session, our team will answer your questions, assess your mental health history, and develop a personalized treatment plan aligned with your recovery goals. Step 2: Ketamine Infusion Therapy Infusion sessions at The Albany Clinic are conducted in a modern , calming environment designed to put you at ease. Patients are provided with headphones , eye masks , and curated music playlists , though you are welcome to bring your own music if preferred. Each infusion session lasts about 40 minutes , during which time you’ll receive an injection of ketamine directly into the bloodstream through a vein. A dedicated provider will be present throughout your session to monitor your safety and comfort. Step 3: Lifestyle Adjustments and Aftercare Most patients require a series of treatments for optimal results. However, successful management of social anxiety extends beyond therapy sessions. Our team offers tailored aftercare guidance to help you integrate the positive effects of ketamine therapy into your daily life, promoting long-term well-being.  Interested? If you are struggling with social anxiety disorder and looking for an innovative approach to enhance your mental health, The Albany Clinic in Albany, NY, offers expert-led ketamine therapy designed to meet your needs. Our compassionate team is committed to providing evidence-based treatment plans to help you regain control and live a fulfilling life. To find out if ketamine therapy is the right choice for you, schedule a complimentary consultation with one of our specialists today.
By Kimberly Mercille January 22, 2025
In this article, we’ll explore how TMS and antidepressants work, compare their effectiveness, safety, and costs, and help you determine which treatment might be right for you. Whether you’re considering TMS, antidepressants, or a combination of both, understanding your options can empower you to make an informed decision about your mental health journey.