What Is Major Depressive Disorder?

What Is Major Depressive Disorder?

The Albany Clinic • June 3, 2022

Major depressive disorder, also known as “clinical depression” or simply “depression,” is a mental health condition characterized by depressed mood, loss of interest in things that used to be enjoyable, low energy levels, and other symptoms. 

Depression can cause significant problems in a person’s life and may even lead to suicide.

While anyone can experience a period of sadness or grief, major depressive disorder is more than just a temporary case of the blues. Clinical depression is a real medical condition that affects a person’s thoughts, feelings, behavior, and physical health. It can last for weeks, months, or years if left untreated.

In this article from The Albany Clinic, we’ll take an in-depth look at major depressive disorder, including the potential causes and triggers, common symptoms, and typical treatments used to help those with this condition. 

We’ll also explore the use of ketamine therapy in treating major depressive disorder.

What Is Major Depressive Disorder, and How Prevalent Is It?

Major depressive disorder is a common mental health condition that affects millions of adults in the United States each year. 

In fact, according to the National Institute of Mental Health , an estimated 21 million American adults experienced at least one major depressive episode in 2020.

As stated above, this condition is more than just feeling sad or going through a rough patch. Major depressive disorder is a serious medical condition that can have a profound impact on every aspect of a person’s life, from their personal relationships to their work performance.

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders in the world, and it can affect people of all ages, genders, and walks of life. However, this condition is most often diagnosed in adults aged 18-25 years old. 

Women are also more likely to be diagnosed with depression than men.

What Causes Major Depressive Disorder?

The cause of clinical depression is not fully understood, but it is thought to be a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors.

Biological Factors: Clinical depression may be caused by changes in the brain. Certain neurotransmitters (chemicals that transmit messages between nerve cells) are thought to play a role in mood regulation. An imbalance in these chemicals may lead to symptoms of depression.

Psychological Factors: Psychological factors that may contribute to depression include negative thinking patterns, low self-esteem, and feelings of hopelessness. People who have experienced trauma or stressful life events (such as the death of a loved one) are also at an increased risk for developing clinical depression.

Social Factors: Social factors that may contribute to depression include isolation, chronic stress, and exposure to violence.

What Are the Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder?

The symptoms of major depressive disorder can vary from person to person. Some people experience only a few symptoms, while others may experience many. 

The severity of the symptoms also varies from mild to severe. The most common symptoms of clinical depression include:

  • Depressed Mood: A feeling of sadness or emptiness that lasts for more than two weeks.
  • Loss of Interest or Pleasure in Activities That Were Once Enjoyed: A loss of interest in hobbies, work, social activities, or sex.
  • Changes in Appetite: Weight gain or weight loss due to changes in appetite.
  • Sleep Problems: Insomnia (trouble falling or staying asleep) or hypersomnia (excessive sleeping).
  • Fatigue: Feeling tired all the time or having little energy.
  • Anxiety: Feeling restless, irritable, or on edge.
  • Difficulty Concentrating: Trouble focusing on tasks or making decisions.
  • Feelings of Worthlessness or Guilt: Negative thoughts about oneself.
  • Thoughts of Death or Suicide: Recurring thoughts of death or harming oneself.

If you are experiencing any of the above symptoms, it’s essential to see a mental health professional for an evaluation. Depression is a treatable condition, but it requires professional help.

What Are the Potential Treatments for Major Depressive Disorder?

The most common treatments for major depressive disorder are psychotherapy and medication. Psychotherapy, also known as “talk therapy,” is a type of counseling that can help people with depression understand and manage their condition. 

Types of psychotherapy used to treat depression include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT).

Medication is another standard treatment for depression. Antidepressants are the most frequently prescribed medication and work by correcting chemical imbalances in the brain. 

Common types of antidepressants include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).

In some cases, a combination of psychotherapy and medication may be necessary to effectively treat clinical depression — though these methods and treatments may not work for everyone. Those who fail to find relief while undergoing these traditional treatments may have what’s known as “ treatment-resistant depression .”

In these cases, additional treatment options may be necessary, such as ketamine therapy.

Ketamine Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder

Ketamine is a medication that has been used for decades as an anesthetic for surgeries. In recent years, however, ketamine has shown promise as a treatment for major depressive disorder.

Ketamine works by binding to a receptor in the brain called the NMDA receptor. This interaction inhibits the release of glutamate, which leads to changes in brain activity.

Research suggests that ketamine may be effective in treating major depressive disorder because it can quickly reduce symptoms. In one study , ketamine significantly improved depression symptoms within two hours — with the slowest relief from symptoms found after four hours. 

It is thought that the rapid onset of action may be due to the fact that ketamine binds directly to the NMDA receptor, while other antidepressants work indirectly.

Another advantage of ketamine therapy is that it is not associated with the same side effects as other antidepressants. Common side effects of SSRIs and TCAs include weight gain, dry mouth, and sexual dysfunction. These side effects can often be so severe that people stop taking their medication.

Ketamine therapy is currently being studied as a potential treatment for major depressive disorder and other conditions. If you are interested in learning more about ketamine therapy, please don’t hesitate to reach out to the team at The Albany Clinic.

Find Relief From Major Depressive Disorder at The Albany Clinic

If you or someone you know is struggling with major depressive disorder, The Albany Clinic can help. We offer ketamine therapy, a treatment that has shown promise in quickly reducing symptoms of depression.

Our compassionate team of expert medical providers will work with you to create a personalized treatment plan that meets your needs. We understand the challenges associated with depression and are here to support you on your journey to recovery.

Contact us today to learn more about ketamine therapy and how we can help you find relief from depression.

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In-Clinic vs. At-Home Ketamine Therapy: What’s Best for Your Mental Health?

By Kimberly Mercille • July 9, 2025
As ketamine therapy becomes increasingly popular for treating mental health conditions like depression and PTSD, more people are exploring their options. At-home ketamine therapy gained traction during the pandemic for its convenience, but without medical supervision, this approach may come with elevated risks. In this article, we’ll explore some of the key differences and pros and cons of in-clinic versus at-home ketamine therapy. What Is In-Clinic Ketamine Therapy? IV Ketamine Treatment In-clinic ketamine therapy involves receiving treatment at a licensed medical facility, such as The Albany Clinic , where professionals monitor and administer the medication under strict protocols. This ensures your safety, especially during your initial sessions. At The Albany Clinic, we specialize in intravenous (IV) ketamine infusion therapy , which has been most well-researched when it comes to treating mental health disorders. IV ketamine bypasses the digestive system, delivering the medication directly into the bloodstream. IV ketamine can help relieve symptoms of various mental health disorders, including depression , anxiety , post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) , and more. During an infusion at our clinic, you’ll rest in a calm, controlled environment while ketamine is delivered into a vein through a catheter. Our trained staff will closely monitor your vital signs and mental state throughout the session, adjusting the dose of ketamine if needed. We’ll observe you after treatment to ensure any side effects are managed promptly and effectively. Spravato We also offer Spravato (esketamine) at our clinic, a nasal spray based on ketamine. Unlike other forms of ketamine treatment, Spravato is approved by the FDA and is specifically for adults with treatment-resistant depression or major depressive disorder with suicidal thoughts . Spravato is only approved for in-clinic use under professional supervision and cannot be administered at home, making clinical oversight a legal and medical necessity for this treatment option. During a Spravato session, you’ll self-administer the medication under the supervision of our medical staff. We’ll then closely monitor you for a couple of hours to ensure you’re safe and all side effects have subsided before leaving. What Is At-Home Ketamine Therapy? At-home ketamine therapy allows patients to self-administer the ketamine, typically in the form of lozenges or nasal sprays, delivered via mail. While this option offers flexibility, it usually involves minimal supervision , often limited to virtual check-ins with healthcare providers. Some at-home providers offer optional video support during sessions, but this is not always the case. Patients are largely responsible for monitoring their own physical and emotional reactions, without the benefit of immediate medical intervention if adverse effects occur. At-home treatment often includes supplementary materials , such as guided meditations or journaling tools. However, the lack of real-time clinical oversight makes this option less ideal for those with complex or severe mental health needs. Safety Considerations: In-Clinic vs. At-Home While ketamine therapy is considered safe for most patients, it does come with potential physical and psychological side effects , including: Physical Risks: Elevated blood pressure or heart rate Nausea or vomiting Sedation or dizziness Impaired coordination Rare allergic reactions Psychological Risks: Hallucinations or dissociation Temporary confusion or anxiety Emotional vulnerability during treatment Risk of misuse or dependency The FDA has issued warnings about at-home ketamine use due to its potential for abuse and lack of medical supervision . Without proper monitoring, the risk of addiction and long-term complications, such as bladder damage and cognitive decline, may increase. Key Differences Between In-Clinic and At-Home Ketamine Therapy

A Guide to IV Ketamine

By Matt Rodriguez • July 8, 2025
Intravenous (IV) ketamine has emerged as a promising option for individuals struggling with treatment-resistant depression and other hard-to-treat mental health conditions. Ketamine was originally developed as an anesthetic, but is now being used in controlled medical settings to deliver rapid relief when traditional therapies fall short. This guide explores the history, science, benefits, and practical considerations of IV ketamine therapy and what you can expect from treatment at The Albany Clinic.

Stellate Ganglion Block (SGB) for Depression

By Kimberly Mercille • May 27, 2025
Stellate Ganglion Block (SGB) is an emerging mental health treatment that targets key mechanisms linked to depression. In this article, we’ll discuss the science behind SGB and its potential benefits. If you or someone you know is struggling with depression, this information can help you make an informed decision about whether SGB might be the right option. What is a Stellate Ganglion Block (SGB)? What is the Stellate Ganglion? The stellate ganglion is a cluster of sympathetic nerves located on each side of the neck near the first rib. These nerves are part of the autonomic nervous system, which controls automatic body functions like heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion. The term "stellate" means "star-shaped" because the ganglion often looks like a star under a microscope. It helps regulate the body's stress response by controlling norepinephrine, a chemical that triggers the fight-or-flight reaction. When this system becomes overactive, it can cause various physical and psychological problems, including depression. Stellate ganglion block (SGB) therapy may help by reducing the activity of the stellate ganglion, calming the fight-or-flight response, and lessening the damaging effects of prolonged nervous system stress. How Does Stellate Ganglion Block Work? Stellate Ganglion block (SGB) is when a local anesthetic is injected near the stellate ganglion. These drugs inhibit transmission between nerve cells, dampening activity in the ganglion. They typically include lidocaine, bupivacaine, or mepivacaine, which are sometimes combined with a steroid medication. Patients may also receive another medication to relax them before treatment. SGB is typically performed using ultrasound guidance . The injection process lasts no more than 10 minutes, but patients will motinoted for another 30-45 minutes after treatment to ensure their safety. How Does Stellate Ganglion Block Work for Depression? Chronic stress is a major contributor to depression and is often linked to an overactive sympathetic nervous system. People with depression commonly show high levels of cortisol, a hormone that plays a key role in the body's stress response, in their blood stream. Cortisol is helpful in small doses, but when chronically elevated, it can disrupt neural circuits in the brain. Excessive cortisol can lead to: Neurotoxicity - Cortisol can be toxic to nerve cells, especially in the hippocampus, which is crucial for memory and emotional regulation. Overinflammation - Cortisol increases the activity of the body’s natural defense system, resulting in the system causing damage to nerve cells. Impaired synaptic plasticity - Cortisol inhibits the capacity for the brain to “re-wire” itself. This makes it harder for people to adapt to stressful situations and learn new patterns of behaviour. Disrupted sleep - High cortisol can prevent people from sleeping well. During sleep, restorative biological processes occur in the brain, and excess cortisol can prevent these from happening. SGB decreases sympathetic nervous system activity, which can reduce cortisol levels. This can help restore function in brain areas and pathways associated with positive mood, emotional regulation, and stress resilience. Evidence Supporting SGB for Depression To date, there’s very limited evidence supporting the use of SGB for depression. One pilot study found that SGP significantly reduced depression symptoms in people with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and was well-tolerated. However, there was no significant difference to the placebo group and the sample size was very small. Nonetheless, multiple lines of research show that SGB can alleviate symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which shares similarities with depression. In a trial of SGB for PTSD , participants reported significantly lower scores of depression following treatment. Who May Benefit from SGB for Depression? SGB is primarily utilized for treating PTSD, so individuals with PTSD who also experience depression may find SGB beneficial. Additionally, SGB has shown potential in alleviating anxiety symptoms, suggesting it may be advantageous for those dealing with both depression and anxiety. Because SGB isn’t approved by the FDA, it is typically only used when standard treatments like antidepressants and psychotherapy haven’t worked. SGB is an “off-label” treatment, much like ketamine therapy or brain stimulation therapies. Importantly, SGB may not be suitable for everyone because of medical reasons. Contraindications include: Recent myocardial infarction Coagulopathy or anticoagulant therapy Glaucoma Pre-existing contralateral phrenic nerve palsy Severe emphysema Cardiac conduction block Potential Risks and Side Effects of SGB Common Side Effects Most side effects of SGB are temporary and resolve as the anesthetic wears off. These may include: Hoarseness or Voice Changes: The proximity of the stellate ganglion to nerves controlling the voice box can lead to temporary hoarseness. Drooping Eyelid (Ptosis): Temporary drooping of the eyelid on the side of the injection may occur. Red or Bloodshot Eyes: Some individuals may notice redness in the eyes following the procedure. Watery Eyes and Nasal Congestion: Increased tearing and nasal stuffiness are possible but typically short-lived. Sensation of a Lump in the Throat and Difficulty Swallowing: Some individuals may experience a sensation of a lump in the throat and have difficulty swallowing after the procedure. Warmth or Tingling in the Arm or Hand: A warm or tingling sensation in the affected limb may be experienced temporarily. Although uncommon, some individuals may experience more serious complications, such as nerve damage, seizures, and allergic reactions. Given the potential risks, patients interested in SGB at the Albany Clinic will have an in-depth consultation with one of our qualified healthcare professionals before undergoing treatment. They can assess your medical history, current health status, and the potential benefits and risks of the procedure in your specific case. SGB for Depression in Illinois If you're in the Carbondale area and interested in the potential benefits of SGB for depression, the Albany Clinic is here to help. We specialize in innovative mental health treatments, including SGB, which has been shown to provide rapid relief from mental health symptoms, with effects lasting several weeks. Our experienced team offers personalized support, guiding you through every step—from determining if SGB is the right option for you to exploring alternative treatments and financial considerations. Contact us today to learn more about how we can support your mental health journey.